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[[Datei:Angelo Soliman WienMuseum body.jpg|thumb|350px|Wien Museum (Vienna Museum)]]
  
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== Angelo Soliman ==
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Angelo Soliman (born Mmadi Make c. 1721, probably in present-day northeastern Nigeria/northern Cameroon; he died on November 21, 1796, in Vienna). Travelled to Europe, and achieved prominence in Viennese society and Freemasonry.
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== Life ==
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Angelo Soliman probably belonged to the Kanuri ethnic group. His original name, Mmadi Make, is linked to a princely class in the Sokoto State in modern Nigeria. He was taken captive as a child and arrived in Marseilles as a slave, eventually transferring to the household of a marchioness in Messina who oversaw his education. Out of affection for another servant in the household, Angelina, he adopted the name Angelo and chose to celebrate September 11, his baptismal day, as his birthday. After repeated requests, he was given as a gift in 1734 to Prince Georg Christian, Prince von Lobkowitz, the imperial governor of Sicily. He became the Prince's valet and traveling companion, accompanying him on military campaigns throughout Europe and reportedly saving his life on one occasion, a pivotal event responsible for his social ascension.
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After the death of Prince Lobkowitz, Soliman was taken into the Vienna household of Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein, eventually rising to chief servant. Later, he became royal tutor of the heir to the Prince, Aloys I. On February 6, 1768 he married Magdalena Christiani,the widow of Harrach'schen, sister of the French general François Etienne de Kellermann (1770–1835), General of Napoleon Bonaparte, Duke of Valmy and Secretary of Anton Christiano.
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A cultured man, Soliman was highly respected in the intellectual circles of Vienna and counted as a valued friend by Austrian Emperor Joseph II and Count Franz Moritz von Lacy. In 1783, he joined the Masonic lodge "True Harmony", whose membership included many of Vienna's influential artists and scholars of the time, among them the musicians Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn as well the Hungarian poet Ferenc Kazinczy. Lodge records indicate that Soliman and Mozart met on several occasions. It is likely that the character Bassa Selim in Mozart's opera The Abduction from the Seraglio was based on Soliman.
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Eventually becoming the Grand Master of that lodge, Soliman helped change its ritual to include scholarly elements. This new Masonic direction rapidly influenced Freemasonic practice throughout Europe. Soliman is still celebrated in Massonic rites as "Father of Pure Masonic Thought", with his name usually transliterated as "Angelus Solimanus".
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During his lifetime Soliman was regarded as a model of the assimilation and perfectibility of Africans, but after his death he literally became a specimen of the "African race". Wigger and Klein distinguish four aspects of Soliman – the "royal Moor", the "noble Moor", the "physiognomic Moor" and the "mummified Moor".
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The first two designations refer to the years prior to his death. The term "royal Moor" designates Soliman in the context of enslaved Moors at European courts, where their skin color marked their inferiority and they figured as status symbols betokening the power and wealth of their owners. Bereft of his ancestry and original culture, Soliman was degraded to an "exotic-oriental sign of his lord's standing" who was not allowed to live a self-determined existence. The designation "noble Moor" describes Soliman as a former court Moor whose ascent up the social ladder due to his marriage with an aristocratic woman made his emancipation possible. During this time Soliman became a member of the Freemasons and was considered almost equal to his fellow Masons, but he continued to face a thicket of race and class prejudices.
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[[Datei:Angelo Soliman.jpg|right]]
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Beneath the surface appearance of integration lurked Soliman's remarkable destiny. Though he moved smoothly in high society, the exotic quality ascribed to him was never lost and over the course of his lifetime was transformed into a racial characteristic. The qualities used to categorize Soliman as a "physiognomic Moor" were set forth by pioneering Viennese ethnologists during his lifetime, framed by theories and assumptions concerning the "African race". He could not escape the taxonomic view that focused on typical racial characteristics, i.e., skin color, hair texture, lip size and nose shape. Neither his social standing nor his membership in the Freemasons could prevent his posthumous exploitation, leading to his ultimate status as the "mummified Moor".
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Instead of a receiving a Christian burial, Soliman was – at the request of the director of the Imperial Natural History Collection – skinned, stuffed and made into an exhibit within this cabinet of curiosities.
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Decked out in ostrich feathers and glass beads, this mummy was on display until 1806 alongside stuffed animals, transformed from a reputable member of intellectual Viennese society into an exotic specimen. By stripping Soliman of the insignia of his lifetime achievements, ethnologists instrumentalized him as what they imagined to be an exemplary African "savage". Soliman's daughter Josefine sought to have his remains returned to the family, but her petitions were in vain. During the October revolution of 1848, the mummy burned. A plaster cast of Soliman's head made shortly after his death of a stroke in 1796 is still on display in the Rollett Museum in Baden. His grandson is Ernst, Baron von Feuchtersleben.
  
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== Angelo Soliman ==
 
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Source: Amen Ra Lodge No.584,Milwaukee,WI
 
  
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[[Datei:Angelo Soliman.jpg]]We come again to shine light on mystics and less known Freemasons in history that added seasoning to the craft and royal art of building. Bro:.Angelo Soliman born Mmadi Make c. 1721, probably in present-day northeastern Nigeria/northern Cameroon; made his transition on November 21, 1796, in Vienna. He was taken to Europe as a slave around 7 years old to Marseilles, he was eventually freed and achieved prominence in Viennese society and Freemasonry. Vienna at this time had many fraternal orders, including the Rosicrucian Masonic rite which appeared between 1770 and 1777 in Bavaria,Austria,Bohemia, and Hungary.It was first adopted by the Crescent of Three Keys,a Masonic lodge in Rosenburg. In Vienna,which gave rise to the Three Swords Lodge.The latter became the breeding ground of the Rosicrucian Masonic rite which fostered alchemy. Every family member Bro:.Soliman belonged to was a Knight Of The Golden Fleece, which was founded in 1429 by Philip the Good,Duke of Burgundy.In 1757 he created a Masonic rite-the Societas Roseae et Aureae Crucis(Fraternity of the Golden Rosy Cross) that had alchemical and piest leaning and was composed of Rosicrucian degrees.
 
  
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These temples included 1772-1778 ‘Zu den drei schwertern’ (The Three Swords) in 1790 ‘Zur Liebe und Wahrheit’ (Love and Truth) and from 1784 ‘Zu den sieben Himmeln’ (The Seven Heavens) observed the rites of the Asiatic brethren. Bro:. Angelo Soliman was transferred to Prince Georg Christian, Furst von Lobkowitz in 1732-34. In November 28, 1739 Prince Georg was made a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. Before his death he had Prince Joseph Wenzel Von Liechtenstein accept him into his household where he gained the title of first valet. Bro:.Angelo Soliman was secretly married to Magdalena Christini in 1768 by Archbishop Migazzi who gave life to their only child Josephine.
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== Sources==
  
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In 1745 St. Germain left London for Vienna where he was known as a mystic and philosopher. He was known as the 'American of the Felderhof' which latter became 'Laszia House' in the Lugeck N. 3. Dr. St.Germain also went under the name of Comte Wethlone (Welldone) and Angelo Soliman was a confidant while he conducted business with Prince Lichtenstein. Bro:. Angelo Soliman was well educated and could speak 6 different languages (Czech-French-Italian-English-German-Latin) Freemasonry in Vienna was introduced in 1742 when the lodge’Aux Trois Canons’ was constituted under the auspices of a lodge in Breslau.The papal bull condemned Freemasonry in 1751. Between 1781-1786, Soliman became a member of the ‘True Harmony’ Masonic Lodge. It was in this role that he initiated one of the biggest changes in the ritual of the Lodge, one that has reverberated down through the ages.The Lodge had many famous members such as Mozart and Haydn. Bro:.Soliman rose to the level of ‘Frater terribilis’ and ‘Vice-Grand Master of Ceremony’ what we would call the Worshipful Master in our modern-day Lodges.The Lodge ‘Zur wahren Eintracht’ in the autumn of 1781 Bro:.Angelo Soliman entered as master and proposed that Ignaz von Born should be incorporated. Born was passed to the second degree on November 19th and raised to the sublime degree two days later and on March 9,1782 he was elected Worshipful Master of his lodge. Von Born was a philosopher, a mason,novice Jesuit and mineralogist and later a member of the Bavarian Illuminati. August 1786 within a few months of his accepting office as Grand Master in his essay,(On The Mysteries Of the Egyptians) he stated ”A woman who is not afraid of night and death is worthy and will be initiated.”
 
  
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So, what did Bro:.Soliman change in lodge? He changed the ritual to allow the reading of scientific papers within the Lodge. Zur Wahren Eintracht lodge pushed members to produce academic works, music or poetry for special, semi-public lodge meetings whose purpose was to spread specialized knowledge and foster debate. The lodge did not stop at producing lectures; it also issued several successful periodical publications. Vienna thus quickly became a center of the Republic of Letters generating a remarkable amount of Enlightenment activity in a few short years. The ideas and methods of the Viennese Enlightenment were a product of and a response to the reforms of Joseph II. It would also be the king’s wariness and lack of support that would cause the Enlightenment movement to recede; by the end of the decade Freemasonry came under state regulation, secret police dampened public debate, and the press became less free.This was a very risky thing at the time, as the Church could very easily label someone a heretic, or even worse. By implementing this change Bro:.Soliman opened the door for many famous Masons to be able to speak and present ideas and theories without the fear of the Church finding out.
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*http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=CM&rop3=104605
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*http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kanuri+people
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*http://www.afrikanistik.at/personen/soliman_angelo.htm
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*Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich: Angelo Soliman (English Translation)
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*Angelo Soliman und seine Freunde im Adel und in der geistigen Elite (in German)
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*Wilhelm. A. Bauer, A. Soliman, Hochfürstlische Der Mohr, W. Sauer (Hg), 1922
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*Virtuelles Learning Center | Mozarthaus Vienna
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*Steele, Tom (2007). Knowledge Is Power! The Rise and Fall of European Popular Educational Movements, 1848–1939. Peter Lang. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-03910-563-2.
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*Moore, Keith; 32, Keith Moore (2008). Freemasonry, Greek Philosophy, the Prince Hall Fraternity and the Egyptian (African) World Connection. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781438909059.
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*Iris Wigger, Katrin Klein (2009). "Bruder Mohr". Angelo Soliman und der Rassismus der Aufklärung. In: Entfremdete Körper. Rassismus als Leichenschändung. Ed. Wulf D. Hund. Bielefeld: Transcript. pp. 81–115. ISBN 978-3-8376-1151-9.
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*http://angelosoliman.blogspot.com/
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*http://www.tanzhotel.at/Deutsch/Angelo_Soliman/Firla.htm
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*Seipel, W. (1996). Mummies and Ethics in the Museum. In: Human Mummies. Ed. Konrad Spindler et al. Vienna: Springer. pp. 3–7. ISBN 3-211-82659-9. These circumstances are omitted in the early biographical notes by the Abbé Henri Grégoire – for an English translation see: Biographical Account of the Negro Angelo Soliman. In: The Monthly Repository, Vol. XI, No. CXXVII, 1816, pp. 373 - 376 .
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*Wilhelm. A. Bauer, A. Soliman, Hochfürstlische Der Mohr, W. Sauer (Hg), 1922
  
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The idea spread quickly throughout Europe and enhanced the reputation of Freemasonry being a society of intellectuals.Through their lectures and various publications, this secret’ society became the major source of enlightenment production in Vienna from 1782 to 1785. After that time, as the regime began expressing distrust of Freemasonry and public criticism in general, the Aufklärers in Vienna turned to more private forms of association and satirical works of literature that allowed for subtle criticism with the goal of promoting Enlightenment ideals.
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== Links ==
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*[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Soliman Wikipedia]
  
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It was at this time that Bro:.Soliman chose 'Massinissa' as his Masonic name, which alluded to the Numidic king of the same name that lived from 240-148 B.C., and was the leader of the new Numidic state, one that was made up of a culture of Carthaginian-Hellenistic roots.
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{{Languages|Angelo Soliman|Deutsch}}
  
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On November 21, 1796, Bro:.Soliman suffered a stroke and died of apoplexy near St. Stephen's cathedral. His body was taken to his home and a death mask was prepared before his body was taken to the Faculty of Medicine at Vienna's old University. Here, in the facility's anatomical theater, his intestines were removed, his skin and skeleton saved, and the rest of his remains were buried in a cemetery on the outskirts of Vienna two days later. The model was kept in a wooden chest that was displayed in the Imperial Library as part of it's natural history display. Here his remains resided for ten years before it was used in displays with stuffed wild animals and the stuffed body of a little African girl and the former African zookeeper of the Vienna Zoo. His daughter tried to get help from the archbishop who married them with no assistance. The order must have come from Franz II, the same family that Bro:.Soliman had served for years. He was removed after his marriage was known. Franz had reversed a lot of the policies of Joseph II, abolishing many of his enlightenment ideas.
 
  
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Bro:.Soliman left a lasting legacy that is still being felt today. Aside from his initiating the reading of scientific papers in Lodge, he was also rumored to be the inspiration for Mozart's characters Monostatos, in the 'Golden Flute,' and Bassa Selim, in 'The Abduction from Seraglio.' He is also the inspiration for the character of disgraced servant boy in Robert Musil's novel, 'The Man Without Qualities,' written about the end of the Austrian monarchy. The Wien Museum featured an exhibit last year, entitled 'Soliman: An African in Venice' and it was very well received.
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{{SORTIERUNG:Soliman}}
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[[Kategorie: English|Soliman]]
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[[Kategorie:Personalities]]

Aktuelle Version vom 27. Juni 2017, 12:49 Uhr

Wien Museum (Vienna Museum)

Angelo Soliman

Angelo Soliman (born Mmadi Make c. 1721, probably in present-day northeastern Nigeria/northern Cameroon; he died on November 21, 1796, in Vienna). Travelled to Europe, and achieved prominence in Viennese society and Freemasonry.

Life

Angelo Soliman probably belonged to the Kanuri ethnic group. His original name, Mmadi Make, is linked to a princely class in the Sokoto State in modern Nigeria. He was taken captive as a child and arrived in Marseilles as a slave, eventually transferring to the household of a marchioness in Messina who oversaw his education. Out of affection for another servant in the household, Angelina, he adopted the name Angelo and chose to celebrate September 11, his baptismal day, as his birthday. After repeated requests, he was given as a gift in 1734 to Prince Georg Christian, Prince von Lobkowitz, the imperial governor of Sicily. He became the Prince's valet and traveling companion, accompanying him on military campaigns throughout Europe and reportedly saving his life on one occasion, a pivotal event responsible for his social ascension.

After the death of Prince Lobkowitz, Soliman was taken into the Vienna household of Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein, eventually rising to chief servant. Later, he became royal tutor of the heir to the Prince, Aloys I. On February 6, 1768 he married Magdalena Christiani,the widow of Harrach'schen, sister of the French general François Etienne de Kellermann (1770–1835), General of Napoleon Bonaparte, Duke of Valmy and Secretary of Anton Christiano.

A cultured man, Soliman was highly respected in the intellectual circles of Vienna and counted as a valued friend by Austrian Emperor Joseph II and Count Franz Moritz von Lacy. In 1783, he joined the Masonic lodge "True Harmony", whose membership included many of Vienna's influential artists and scholars of the time, among them the musicians Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn as well the Hungarian poet Ferenc Kazinczy. Lodge records indicate that Soliman and Mozart met on several occasions. It is likely that the character Bassa Selim in Mozart's opera The Abduction from the Seraglio was based on Soliman.

Eventually becoming the Grand Master of that lodge, Soliman helped change its ritual to include scholarly elements. This new Masonic direction rapidly influenced Freemasonic practice throughout Europe. Soliman is still celebrated in Massonic rites as "Father of Pure Masonic Thought", with his name usually transliterated as "Angelus Solimanus".

During his lifetime Soliman was regarded as a model of the assimilation and perfectibility of Africans, but after his death he literally became a specimen of the "African race". Wigger and Klein distinguish four aspects of Soliman – the "royal Moor", the "noble Moor", the "physiognomic Moor" and the "mummified Moor".

The first two designations refer to the years prior to his death. The term "royal Moor" designates Soliman in the context of enslaved Moors at European courts, where their skin color marked their inferiority and they figured as status symbols betokening the power and wealth of their owners. Bereft of his ancestry and original culture, Soliman was degraded to an "exotic-oriental sign of his lord's standing" who was not allowed to live a self-determined existence. The designation "noble Moor" describes Soliman as a former court Moor whose ascent up the social ladder due to his marriage with an aristocratic woman made his emancipation possible. During this time Soliman became a member of the Freemasons and was considered almost equal to his fellow Masons, but he continued to face a thicket of race and class prejudices.

Angelo Soliman.jpg

Beneath the surface appearance of integration lurked Soliman's remarkable destiny. Though he moved smoothly in high society, the exotic quality ascribed to him was never lost and over the course of his lifetime was transformed into a racial characteristic. The qualities used to categorize Soliman as a "physiognomic Moor" were set forth by pioneering Viennese ethnologists during his lifetime, framed by theories and assumptions concerning the "African race". He could not escape the taxonomic view that focused on typical racial characteristics, i.e., skin color, hair texture, lip size and nose shape. Neither his social standing nor his membership in the Freemasons could prevent his posthumous exploitation, leading to his ultimate status as the "mummified Moor".

Instead of a receiving a Christian burial, Soliman was – at the request of the director of the Imperial Natural History Collection – skinned, stuffed and made into an exhibit within this cabinet of curiosities.

Decked out in ostrich feathers and glass beads, this mummy was on display until 1806 alongside stuffed animals, transformed from a reputable member of intellectual Viennese society into an exotic specimen. By stripping Soliman of the insignia of his lifetime achievements, ethnologists instrumentalized him as what they imagined to be an exemplary African "savage". Soliman's daughter Josefine sought to have his remains returned to the family, but her petitions were in vain. During the October revolution of 1848, the mummy burned. A plaster cast of Soliman's head made shortly after his death of a stroke in 1796 is still on display in the Rollett Museum in Baden. His grandson is Ernst, Baron von Feuchtersleben.



Sources

  • http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=CM&rop3=104605
  • http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kanuri+people
  • http://www.afrikanistik.at/personen/soliman_angelo.htm
  • Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich: Angelo Soliman (English Translation)
  • Angelo Soliman und seine Freunde im Adel und in der geistigen Elite (in German)
  • Wilhelm. A. Bauer, A. Soliman, Hochfürstlische Der Mohr, W. Sauer (Hg), 1922
  • Virtuelles Learning Center | Mozarthaus Vienna
  • Steele, Tom (2007). Knowledge Is Power! The Rise and Fall of European Popular Educational Movements, 1848–1939. Peter Lang. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-03910-563-2.
  • Moore, Keith; 32, Keith Moore (2008). Freemasonry, Greek Philosophy, the Prince Hall Fraternity and the Egyptian (African) World Connection. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781438909059.
  • Iris Wigger, Katrin Klein (2009). "Bruder Mohr". Angelo Soliman und der Rassismus der Aufklärung. In: Entfremdete Körper. Rassismus als Leichenschändung. Ed. Wulf D. Hund. Bielefeld: Transcript. pp. 81–115. ISBN 978-3-8376-1151-9.
  • http://angelosoliman.blogspot.com/
  • http://www.tanzhotel.at/Deutsch/Angelo_Soliman/Firla.htm
  • Seipel, W. (1996). Mummies and Ethics in the Museum. In: Human Mummies. Ed. Konrad Spindler et al. Vienna: Springer. pp. 3–7. ISBN 3-211-82659-9. These circumstances are omitted in the early biographical notes by the Abbé Henri Grégoire – for an English translation see: Biographical Account of the Negro Angelo Soliman. In: The Monthly Repository, Vol. XI, No. CXXVII, 1816, pp. 373 - 376 .
  • Wilhelm. A. Bauer, A. Soliman, Hochfürstlische Der Mohr, W. Sauer (Hg), 1922

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